How much do you know about the evolution of ancient Chinese jade articles?

In the literature, the combination of jade is also known as "miscellaneous", "Dapei", "Jadepe", etc. It is a single piece of jade with several different shapes, which are connected in series by colored lines in different ways. "Mao Shi·Zheng Feng·Nvwa Chicken" first recorded the combination of the group jade: "The Zhizi comes, and the gift is given." Mao Chuanyun: "Mixed people, 珩, 璜, 琚, 瑀, 冲There are three types of jade in the Western Zhou period. One is the combination of the main body of the deceased's chest and abdomen, such as the above-mentioned Wuyi Lianzhu group jade; the second is the long strip-shaped jade end. Tandem small jade beads and turquoise beads are in an incremental combination, such as the above two pieces of jade; the third is a small combination of jade, beads, tubes and other small hair accessories, ornaments, wrists and so on. The components of these groups of jade can be used as separate pieces or in series, especially in series to form a group of jade ornaments, which is more beautiful and magnificent. The Zhou people admire the beautiful jade, "Zhou Li Da Zongbo" records: "Jade as a six-return, to wait for the state." Therefore, the jade articles of the Zhou Dynasty became aristocrats to perform sacrifices, hiring, conquest, feasting, marriage, funeral and other activities. The home country is heavy, and the jade is also personalized by the Zhou people to give morality, and the jade is to be a virtue. At that time, the scholars, the highest realm of Germany, were more gentle and clean than the jade, and they practiced the noble personality, and they were engraved in the beautiful jade. Peiyu is the symbol of the gentleman's normative morality and restraint behavior. Therefore, "Book of Rites·Yuzao" said: "Where the belt must have Peiyu... The gentleman has no reason, the jade does not go to the body, and the gentleman is in Yubi."

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the perfection of the social ritual system was reflected in the jade, which correspondingly produced a strict jade system. The placement of jade articles in the two monarchs in the cemetery of the Shu Kingdom fully reflects the significance of the Western Zhou Dynasty jade in the ritual system. In particular, the production of the large-scale combination jade is a symbol of identity and status. On the back of the large-scale group, there is a wide-banded "Zhu group" (red braided ribbon) trace on the back of the dragonfly. This is related to the "Tibetan · Yuzao" recorded in the book "Liu Zi Pei Bai Yu and Xuan Zuo, Gong Hou Pei Shan Xuan Yu Zhu Zhuyu is consistent, reflecting a strict hierarchy. The difference in the number of jade used in different levels of tombs is also very obvious. The monarchs or higher-ranking tombs with higher status have more jade artifacts. There are 724 pieces of jade wares unearthed from the tomb of the Jixian tomb, and more than 800 pieces (groups) were unearthed from the tomb of the Suizhong Tomb. More than 1,500 pieces of jade articles were unearthed from the two monarchs, accounting for more than half of the total number of jade articles unearthed in the cemetery of the Shu State. In addition, the tomb of the monarch Liang Ji and the tombs of the two Taizi tombs are also abundant. Some large-scale combination jade, such as the Jupiter group jade, is only found in the tombs of two monarchs and some monarchs' tombs, and the number of jade in this group is related to the identity of the tomb. The number of dynasties in the Tomb of the Tomb of the Tomb is 7 Ding, and the number of 佩戴 佩戴 佩戴 佩戴 佩戴 佩戴 佩戴 佩戴 佩戴 璜 璜 璜 璜 璜 璜 璜 璜 璜 璜 璜 璜 夫人 夫人 夫人 夫人 夫人 夫人 夫人 夫人 夫人 夫人 夫人 夫人 夫人 夫人 夫人 夫人M31, the Jinhou cemetery in Shanxi Zhaozhao Village, was unearthed in M31, and the M92 in the Jinhou cemetery in Shanxi was unearthed.

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It can be seen that in the social life of the time, group jade is one of the embodiment of aristocratic identity in costumes. The use of jade, the complexity of the decoration, and the length of it become one of the important signs of distinguishing status. The higher the identity, the more jade is used, the more complicated the ornament is, the longer the length is. The lesser the walk is, the smaller the step is. The slower the walk, the more stylish and graceful it is. "Book of Rites · Yuzao": "Jun and the corpse are martial arts, the doctor follows the martial arts, and the martial arts." Kong Yingda notes: "Wu, traces. The martial artists, the two legs, each half, half have to be traced. Following the military, it is said that the two footprints follow each other. In the middle and the middle of the country, each of the disciples, the foot of the foot of a place, is also the sacred." That is to say, the emperor, the princes and the ancestors of the first ancestor when walking, the The foot should be placed in the half of the foot of the other foot, showing the slowness of action. The doctor's footprint is a squatting one, and the distance between the steps can be left behind. It can be seen that Pei Yu also plays a role in the function of certain functions while expressing his identity. According to the book "Book of Rites and Scriptures", when wearing these groups of jade, "there is a sound of ringing when walking." It can be seen that while obtaining the aesthetic effect, the wearer can also hear the sound of the pleasant sound of the jade between the jade and the jade, and obtain the auditory effect. The combination of the sound of Zhenyu and the color makes the identity mark and the sensory pleasure match each other. It may be a realm that Zhou people pursue.

The cemetery of the Shu State is the burial place of the aristocrats and civilians living in Shangyang City after their death. It is located in Shangcunling, north of Sanmenxia City. In 1956-1957, in order to cooperate with the construction of the Sanmenxia Reservoir of the Yellow River, the Yellow River Reservoir Archaeological Team cleared 234 tombs in Shangcun Ling and unearthed 9,179 pieces of various cultural relics. Since 1990, the archaeological team has carried out a second large-scale excavation of the cemetery of Shu State and excavated 18 tombs. So far, more than 250 tombs, 7 Che Ma Hang, and 3 Ma Hang pits have been excavated in the cemetery of the Shu State, including M2001 (Guojun Qiu Tomb), M2009 (Guojun Yuzhong Tomb), M2011 (Prince Tomb), M2012 (Monarch) Lady's Tomb), M2006 (Aristocratic Lady Meng Yu's Tomb), M2013 (Aristocratic Lady's Tomb of Gloomy Tomb), M2016 (Muslim First Class Aristocratic Tomb), M2017 (Grade Level Aristocratic Tomb), M2018 (People's Tomb), M2019 (People's Tomb) The tombs are kept intact without harassment, and the time is clear, all of which are late in the Western Zhou Dynasty. This proves that this is the only large-scale, well-preserved and well-preserved large-scale Western Zhou cemetery discovered in China. Unearthed tens of thousands of precious cultural relics, only more than 3,000 pieces of jade, the number of varieties, the variety of the variety, the quality of jade, the fine production, rare in the Western Zhou archaeological.

From the emergence of a large number of Yupei excavated from the tomb of the Three Kingdoms tomb, it can be known that the jade style of the Western Zhou Dynasty aristocrats should be consistent in a wide range of areas. In the past, people were constrained by limited archaeological discoveries. They believed that the Western Zhou jade was compared with the Shang Dynasty jade, which was the trough of the royal family. However, the excavation of a large number of jade articles in the tomb of the Sanmenxia tomb confirmed the development of the jade system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The combination of jade, unearthed in the tombs of these two areas, allows us to understand some aspects of the Western Zhou Peiyu system. The large-scale tombs in the Western Zhou Dynasty were basically programmed in the burial jade, that is, the Yugai, Ge, the stalks, the scorpions, etc. were placed on the outer sacs of the tombs, and the shackles were placed on the shackles, 琮, 璧, 璜, 戈, 圭, etc. The head of the deceased is placed in the head of the jade; the faces of the individual tombs are covered with a piece of cloth adorned with jade, which is adorned with jade; each of the two ears has 1-2 pieces of jade, and each pair is paired . There are some pieces of jade in the mouth; there are 1-2 sets of agate beads and jade accessories on the neck; a set of jade (or scorpion) on the chest is connected with agate beads, tubes and beads. The combination of jade, sometimes placed one or two pieces of jade; there are 1-2 sets of multi-column beaded and trapezoidal jade in series with the jade, or placed some jade and jade handles. There are jade grips on both hands; there are strips of jade on the feet; jade ornaments are placed between the toes; and there are many large jade, jade and so on under the bones. This trend of jade is the beginning of the Han Dynasty. .

According to the use and function of the jade, the jade articles of the Western Zhou Dynasty can be mainly divided into Li Yu, Pei Yu, Practical Jade, and Saitama. The rituals are 戚, 琮, 璧, 璜, 戈, 圭, 璋; Pei Yu has a combination of hair accessories, necklaces, bracelets, multi-striped pipa, etc., 玦, beads, rings, tubes and other geometric accessories, dragon, Tiger, elephant, deer, bird-shaped, eagle, pigeon, goose, spider, turtle, dragonfly, fish and other animal-shaped ornaments; practical jade articles include enamel, enamel, handle, knives, knives, ochre, etc.; It is decorated with jade, jade, jade, jade, toe and jade. The combination of jade ornaments in Peiyu is more and more valued by scholars because of its beautiful and complex tandem method and its special meaning. The combination jade ornaments in the tomb of the Shu Kingdom mainly include hair accessories, ornaments, wrist ornaments and group jade, etc. The following is the essence of the selection.

First, hair accessories

Combination hair accessories. This hair accessory was unearthed in M2001 and is now in the Henan Museum. A group of 73 pieces, unearthed from the top right of the head of the tomb, should be a set of hair accessories. This hair accessory is made up of two lines of tandem, such as the double tail dragon jade ring, the plain noodle jade ring, the jade tube, the jade bead, the bovine head shape jade, the size red agate bead and the stone shell. Among them, the dragon-shaped jade ring is used as the collar, and two small jade rings are connected on both sides. The lower ones are connected by 8 jade pipes and large agate beads, while the small beads are specially used for knotting and the number from top to bottom. Symmetrically increasing this.

Second, the item decoration

1, combination items. This piece was unearthed in M1820, the current National Museum. The horseshoe jade has a length of 2.2, a width of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3 cm. The oval jade has a length of 2.4, a width of 2 and a thickness of 0.3 cm. The agate beads are 0.9 in length and 0.8 cm in diameter. Unearthed at the neck of the tomb owner. The string ornaments consist of 101 red agate beads, 10 horseshoe jade ornaments, 1 oval jade ornament, and 2 small jade ornaments. Horseshoe jade ornaments and oval jade ornaments are smashed into chicken bones. The agate beads are twisted into two rows with two lines, every few beads, and two wires are threaded into a horseshoe jade. The oval jade ornaments are on the lower right side of the entire string, similar to the sinkers. The whole set of items are stringed with rigorous and symmetrical, and the warm jade color is bright and dazzling under the backdrop of the red agate beads.

2, combination items. This piece was unearthed in M2001, the Henan Museum. It is made up of 6 horseshoe jade ornaments and two rows of red agate beads. The horseshoe jade is made of jasper, similar in shape, size and texture. The jade ornaments are decorated with a double-yellow line with a horseshoe-shaped pattern, and the surface is smooth and without lines. There are 3 obliquely worn at each end of the jade ornament for easy threading. A total of 112 red agate beads, stringed in jade ornaments.

2, jade, agate beads combination items. This piece was unearthed in M2012, Sanmenxia City Cultural Relics Bureau. A group of 90 pieces (pieces), when unearthed, is located between the neck of the tomb. After finishing and restoring, the combination of the decoration items of this combination is as follows: centering on one person's dragon and crepe, and consisting of six pieces of red agate beads in a bundle of six pieces, which are double-rowed. Each row of agate beads is as small as 3 and as many as 12. The decoration structure of this item is rigorous, and the 6 pieces of 绢 绢 佩 are all made of his jade, which is unique.

3, jade, agate beads combination items. This piece was unearthed in M2012, Sanmenxia City Cultural Relics Bureau. A total of 116 pieces (pieces) were unearthed at the main neck of the tomb. Centered on one piece of blue-and-white beast, the other one is made up of two double-sided enamel-shaped pebbles and six pieces of the same shape, and 108 red agate beads are worn in pairs.

Third, wrist ornaments

1, a set of wrist ornaments. This piece was unearthed in M1647, the National Museum. The diameter of the agate is about 0.4-0.5 cm, the length of the silkworm jade is 4.5 cm, the length of the jade is 0.6 cm, and the length of the bead is 0.5 cm. There are 23 red agate beads, 2 tubular beads, 7 diamond beads, 3 tubular jade ornaments, 1 spherical jade beads, and 1 silkworm jade ornament. This wristpiece is made up of several gemstones and beads of different textures. Unearthed around the wrist of the skeleton of the tomb owner.

2, jade tube, Pei combination wrist ornaments. Unearthed in M2012, the Sanmenxia Cultural Relics Bureau is now in possession. A set of 21 pieces, unearthed at the right wrist of the tomb owner. It consists of a beast-shaped piece, a bird-shaped piece, 9 pieces of silkworm-shaped pebbles of various shapes, 2 pieces of enamel-shaped pebbles, and 8 pieces of jade tubes with different shapes. The way of concatenation is as follows: the animal head is used as the center component, and each side is a bird-shaped piece and a piece of silkworm-shaped piece, and then one piece of double-sided dragon-shaped flat tube, followed by 8 pieces of silkworm-shaped flat And 2 pieces of 蚱蜢-shaped perfume in a group of 2, divided into 5 groups, with jade tube interspersed. This type of concatenation is rare and has an irregular aesthetic in modern aesthetics. The jade accessories are exquisitely jade, exquisite and exquisite, and appear delicate and luxurious.

3, agate beads, animal head shape jade jewelry combination. Unearthed in M2011, the Sanmenxia Cultural Relics Bureau. It consists of 6 pieces of animal-shaped scallops, 81 red and orange-red, and a non-regular agate beads. The 6 pieces of the first shape of the beast are all sapphire, except for one piece of ice blue, the rest are grayish-white and taupe, the front is decorated with the animal's first pattern, and the two ends of the back have two perforations obliquely on the sides. . Unearthed at the right wrist of the tomb owner.

Fourth, the chest and abdomen are decorated with jade

1. Wuyi Lianzhu Group Yupei. Unearthed in M2012, the Sanmenxia Cultural Relics Bureau is now in possession. A group of 390 pieces (pieces), when unearthed, is located on the shoulder of the tomb, chest to abdomen. It is made up of one person's dragon-grain, five different shapes, 368 red agate beads, and 16 diamond-shaped beads. The specific splicing method is as follows: the human dragon and the plaque are used as the collar, and the left and right sides are connected with the double-row agate beads, and the lower one is connected with the first raft. From the first side of the first side, the agate beads are changed from double lines to single lines. There are a number of agate beads between the five cymbals, and the first to fourth sides are respectively conjugated with a plurality of agate beads and beads on the left and right beads, and the fifth cymbal is directly connected to the left and right beads. The whole set of accessories is complete, the production is fine, and the way of splicing is well-balanced. According to the examination of the tomb, the wife of the king of the country, Mr. Ji, is the identity mark of the Wuyi Lianzhu Group.

2, group jade. Unearthed in M1820, hidden in the National Museum. Unearthed, it is located on the chest and abdomen of the tomb owner. It consists of 577 agate beads and 21 pieces of tubular jade ornaments. This series of accessories is more complicated. It can be divided into 12 sections from top to bottom. Each section can be divided into 1-10 rows, and the upper and lower sections are connected into a strip. Each of the 1, 2, 9, and 11 sections is a tube-shaped jade ornament, and the remaining sections are made of agate beads.

3, group jade. Unearthed in M2006, the Sanmenxia Cultural Relics Bureau is now in possession. It consists of a fuchsia agate bead, a fuchsia amethyst tube, 20 blue-green drum-shaped bizhu beads, 42 round blue-white jade beads, and 7 blue round or oblate stones. to make. After finishing and restoration, the way of concatenation is as follows: the top end is composed of a purple red agate bead and a purple agate tube, and the next is adorned with 7 beads and tubes. Each string is made of drum-shaped bizhu beads, round jade beads and a stone tube. Beads are divided into two drum-shaped bizhu beads in the middle, and the remaining six columns are composed of three drum-shaped bizhu beads, six round jade beads and one bi-stone tube. The whole set of accessories is rigorous and symmetrical, which is called art treasures.

The unearthed situation of the M2001 jade in the cemetery of the Shu Kingdom is an indispensable ornament of the ancient gentlemen. The so-called "the ancient gentleman must wear jade", "the gentleman has no reason, the jade does not go to the body". There are many kinds of jade, some are used alone, some are in groups, and the group jade is to wear a single piece of jade with different shapes, and wear a string to form a string. The group jade has both a ritual jade character and a striking decorative function. It is a symbol of the status of privilege. The origin of the group Yupe is ancient, passed down from generation to generation, and extended to the Ming Dynasty. Although the group Yupe has a pivotal position in the service and ritual system, the process of its evolution has not been clearly explained for a long time. Just as the Qing Dynasty Yu Yuyun: "The ancient man Pei Yu, 咏 in the "Poetry", contained in "Li", and its system is unclear, although the great Confucianism such as Zheng Kangcheng, but its words Pei Yu's system is slightly awkward." The method of cross-extracting the physical objects and the literature mutual evidence to examine the process of the change of the source of jade.

In the literature, the group Yu Pei has the titles of “Mi-pei”, “Dapei” and “Jade”. "Mao Shi·Zheng Feng·Nvwa Chicken" first recorded the combination of the group Yupei. "There is a gift from Zhizi, and it is a gift." Mao Chuanyun: "Mixed people, 珩, 璜, 琚, 冲牙class". In fact, the prototype of the group Yupei has appeared in the Neolithic Age without written records. A group of jade ornaments unearthed from Beiyin Yangying, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, consisting of 24 jade pipes and 3 pieces of jade, set on the neck of the tomb and hanging on the chest. The jade string ornaments unearthed from the Tomb of No. 22 in Yuhang, consists of 12 jade pipes and a jade carving with a god emblem. The characteristic of the jade string decoration in this period is that it serves as the main body of a string of ornaments, which is connected in series in the prominent position in the middle of the ornament. These jade ornaments are hung on the neck and hung on the chest. They are the symbol of the status, power and wealth of the ruler.

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